Laws and Differences in science

1.      Dobereiner laws of traids states that ‘‘Among the like traids the atomic mass of the middle elements was found to be approximately equal to the average atomic mass of the other two.’’

2.      Newland’s laws of octaves states that ‘‘When the elements are arranged in the ascending order of their atomic mass, the eight element resembled the first element in its properties.’’

3.      Mendeleev’s Periodic law states that  ‘‘The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic mass.’’

4.      Modern Periodic law states that ‘‘The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic number.’’

5.      Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states that ‘‘Whenever a magnetic field linking the conductor changes an induced electro motive force is generated in the conductor.’’

6.      Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states that ‘‘The magnitude of the induced electro motive force is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic field linking the conductor.’’

7.      Fleming’s Right Hand rule states that ‘‘Arrange the main finger, the fore finger and the central finger of that right hand at right angles to each other such that the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field and main finger indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, then the central finger indicates the direction of the current induced.’’

8.      Fleming’s Left Hand rule states that ‘‘Arrange the main finger, fore finger and the centre finger on the left hand in such a way that they are mutually perpendicular to one another. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field, the central finger indicates the direction of the mechanical force acting on the conductor.’’

9.      Doppler Effect is the apparent change in frequency of wave motion due to the relative motion between the source and the observer.

10. Charle’s law states that ‘‘At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.’’

11. Boyle’s law states that ‘‘At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute pressure.’’

12. Graham’s law of diffusion states that ‘‘The  rate of diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.’’

13. Law of segregation states that ‘‘The pair of factor for a given character separates in equal ratio at the time of gamete formation during the meiosis.’’

14. Law of independent assortment states that ‘‘Factors controlling separate normally move independent of each other during gamete formation. So combinations of characters which are not present in the parental forms are produced in the next generation.’’

15. Hubble’s law states that ‘‘The velocity of reassion of a celestrial is proportional to its distance from us.’’

16. Faraday’s first law of electrolysis states that ‘‘The mass of substance deposited are collected at either electrodes during electrolysis is proportional to current and to the time.’’

17. Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states that ‘‘The mass of the different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity are proportional to their chemical equivalent.’’

Channappa .K.M _{M.Sc, B.Ed}

GJC, Devanahalli

Bangalore Rural Dist.

9844756239

Differences in Science

1.      Conventional and non-conventional

Conventional energy	Non-conventional energy
·        They are used  from long time. ·        They are non-renewable. ·        They causes pollution.	They are enormously tapped in earth. They are renewable. They does not cause pollution.

2.      Solar collectors and solar cells

Solar collectors	Solar cells
·        They convert solar energy into heat energy. ·        Used in cooking, drying of grains, heating of water.	They convert solar energy into electrical energy. Used in traffic signals.

3.      Biodegradable and non-biodegradable

Biodegradable	Non-biodegradable
·        They can degrade biologically. ·        They are non-pollutants.   Eg: sewage water, paper	They cannot be degraded through biological activities. They are pollutants. Eg: plastic, detergent, DTC

4.      Amorphous and crystalline silicon

Amorphous	Crystalline silicone
·        Brown in colour. ·        More reactive. ·        Does not conduct electricity at low temperature.	Dark grey in colour. Less reactive. Slightly conducts electricity.

5.      Monocot and dicot plant

Monocot plant	Dicot plant
·        Single cotyledon ·        Fibrous root ·        Leaves have parallel venation	Two cotyledon Tap root Leaves have reticulate venation

6.      Tendons and Ligaments

Tendons	Ligaments
·        Contain white fibres ·        Attaches muscles to the bones or cartilages.	Contain elastic fibres Attaches one bone to another.

7.      Blood and lymph

Blood	Lymph
·        RBC and WBC are present ·        Blood glows in blood capillaries.	WBC is present Lymph flow in lymphatic capillaries.

8.      Stripped and unstrapped muscles

Stripped muscles	Unstripped muscles
·        Elongated, cylindrical and unbranched ·        Cross bands are present i.e striations. ·        Voluntary in action.	Spindle shaped, elongated and branched. Cross bands are absent. Involuntary in action.

9.      Transverse and longitudinal waves

Transverse wave	Longitudinal wave
·        Particles vibrate in the  direction of perpendicular to the direction of wave             propagation. ·        The wave propagates in the form of crests and troughs. ·        One crest and one trough constitute a wave. Eg: light waves, waves on surface of water, waves on string	Particles vibrate along the direction of wave propogation. The wave propagates in the form of compression and rare fraction One compression and one rare fraction constitute a wave. Eg: sound waves, vibration in gases, oscillation of spring

10. External and internal combustion engine

External combustion engine	Internal combustion engine
·        Engine is big (bulky). ·        Fuel is burnt outside the engine. ·        Low efficiency.	Engine is small. Fuel is burnt inside the engine. More efficiency.

11.  Petrol and diesel engine

Petrol engine	Diesel engine
·        Spark plug is required. ·        Petrol is used as fuel. ·        Pollution intensity is low.	Spark plug is not required. Diesel is used as fuel. Pollution intensity is high.

12.  Nuclear fission and fusion

Nuclear fission	Nuclear fusion
·        A heavy nucleus is split into two lighter nuclei with the liberation of energy and neutrons. ·        Can be controlled. ·        Causes radiation pollution.	Two or more lighter nucleus fuse to form a heavy nucleus with the liberation of energy. Cannot be controlled. Does not causes pollution.

13.  Chemical and nuclear reaction

Chemical reaction	Nuclear reaction
·        Valence electrons involve in the reaction. ·        May be exothermic or endothermic. ·        Products are predictable.	There is no role of electrons in the reaction. Always exothermic. Products are not predictable depends upon the conditions.

14. Oils and fats

Oils	Fats
·        Oils are unsaturated. ·        They exist in liquid at room temperature. ·        Less self-life period	Fats are saturated. They exist in solid at room temperature. More self-life period.

15.  Satured and unsatured hydrocarbons

Satured hydrocarbons	Unsatured hydrocarbons
·        Having single bond. ·        They do not take part easily in chemical reaction. Eg: alkane	Having double and triple bond. They do take part in chemical reaction. Eg: alkene and alkines

16. Sugar and jaggery

Sugar	Jaggery
·        Have more self-life period. ·        Manufacturing is more complex	Less self-life period. Manufacturing is easy.

17.  Metals and non-metals

Metals	Non-metals
·        Solids at room temperature. ·        Sonorous ·        Malleable and ductile. ·        Electron donors. ·        Displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.	Occurs in all three states. Non-sonorous Brittle Both ionic and covalent bond. Do not displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.

18.  AC and DC dynamo

AC dynamo	DC dynamo
·        AC dynamo produces AC current. ·        Two full copper rings are used (slip rings).	DC dynamo produces DC current. Two halves copper rings are used (split rings).

19. Dynamo and motor

Dynamo	Motor
·        Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. ·        Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.	Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Works on the principle of current carrying conductor experiences mechanical force when placed in magnetic field.

20. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors	Extrinsic semiconductors
·        They are pure semiconductors. ·        Number of electrons are equal to number of holes.	They are doped (impure) semiconductors. Number of electrons are not equal to number of holes.

21.  n-type and p-type semiconductors

n-type  semiconductor	p-type semiconductor
·        Formed by dopping of pentavalent impurities. ·        Electrons are majority charge carrier. ·        Added impurity donate electrons to silicon or germinium	Formed by dopping of trivalent impurities. Holes are majority charge carrier. Added impurity accept electrons to silicon or germinium .

22. npn and pnp transistor

npn transistor	pnp transistor
·        It is formed by one layer of p-type region is sandwiched between two very thick layer of n-type region.	It is formed by one layer of n-type region is sandwiched between two very thick layer of p-type region.